Citing Sources on the Internet - 学习

Citing Sources on the Internet
A Short Guide to Bibliographic Referencing of Web Source Materials

We've received a number of requests from people and students wanting to know how to cite California Energy Commission documents or web pages in their bibliographies.

Please cite the author if listed on the web page, or if no specific author is given, please use California Energy Commission as the author. Use the standards explained below.

We are attempting to make sure that all our Web pages have a date stamp on them so you would know when the document was created or updated.
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Our thanks to Michael A. Arnzen (mikea@darkwing.uoregon.edu) for his invaluable article in Internet World and for his permission to refer to his article. Thanks also to Internet World for their permission to quote the article.

Below is a sample of citations of Internet sources from an earlier version of Beyond the MLA Handbook: Documenting Electronic Sources on the Internet by Andrew Harnack and Gene Kleppinger (which can be found at -- http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/1.2/inbox/mla_archive.html). The authors may have updated citation references in a newer edition.

Sources should be listed alphabetically by author along with other bibliographic references.

A Reminder to Students: Plagarism (stealing or using someone else's ideas or words as your own) is much easier with the Internet. You can copy and paste very easily from websites right into your reports and papers. DON'T! If you are using someone else's words, you must quote them. Or if you are paraphrasing someone else's ideas, you must cite them in your bibliography. Copying and pasting and using someone else's sentences as your own is cheating, and if you're caught, you could end up with an "F," or even worse be suspended or expelled. JUST DON'T DO IT!

How to Cite an E-mail You've Received

Author. Author's e-mail address. "Re: Text from the E-Mail's Subject Line." Date e-mail was sent. Personal e-mail. (Date read).

Example

     Matthews, Scott. Smatthew@energy.state.ca.us  "Re: How We
     Survived the Summer of 2001."  May 15, 2002.  Personal e-mail.
         (May 16, 2002, 2000).

     Andrec, Mike. andrec@glyco.chem.yale.edu  "Re: New England
         School of Bandura."  April 18, 2000. Personal e-mail.
         (April 19, 2000).

How to Cite a Website You've Visited

Author [if known]. "Title" [main title, in italics, if applicable]. Last date updated or revised [if known]. URL (web address) of page. (Date page was accessed).

Example

     California Energy Commission. "The Energy Story - Chapter 11:
         Geothermal Energy."  April 22, 2002. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/
         story/chapter11.html  (May 31, 2002).

     Ignatius. "To the Trallians." Early Church Documents
         (circa 96-50 C.E.). 1994.  http://listserv.american.edu/
         catholic/church/fathers/ignatius/ign-trl.txt  (May 20,
         2002).

How to Cite an PDF File You've Downloaded

A Portable Document Format (PDF) file is an electronic version of a report (or other document) that is stored on line. When viewed with Adobe Acrobat Reader and/or printed, the document is in the exact format of the original document. You would cite a PDF document the same way as if it were a regular book or periodical.

Author. Publication Date. Title of Document. City, State: Publisher. ISBN or other publication identification number (if appropriate). (Date PDF downloaded).

Example

     Lutzenhiser, Loren. 2002. CONSULTANT REPORT - An Exploratory Analysis
          of Residential Electricity Conservation Survey and Billing Data:
          Southern California Edison, Summer 2001.  Sacramento,
          Calif.: California Energy Commission.  Publication number
          400-02-006F. (PDF version of document downloaded May 31, 2002).

How to Cite an FTP Site You've Visited

An FTP (or File Transfer Protocol) Site is a location on the Internet where files are simply listed and stored. FTP use for storing documents has decreased with the explosive growth of the World Wide Web.

Author [if known]. "Title of Document" (Date of publication) [if available]. FTP address (Date accessed).

Example

     Letter, Mark. "Internet Domain Survey" (February 18, 2000).
         FTP to ftp.nw.com/zene/report.doc (May 16, 2002).

How to Cite a Gopher Site You've Visited
Gopher Sites were locations on the Internet with lists of text files. Gophers have fallen out of use with the growth of the World Wide Web. Some places may still maintain Gopher sites for older, archived information.

Author [if known]. "Title of document." Any print publication information [if applicable].Gopher address (Date accessed).

Example

     Westlund, Mark.  "Boycott of Mitsubishi in Japan Launched
         by Peaceful Protest in Osaka."  Published in "RAN News"
         (the Rainforest Action Network newsletter) March 21, 2002.
         Gopher  igc.apc.org/Organizations/Rainforest Action
         Network/RanNews/MitsubishiBoycott  (May 22, 2002).

How to Cite Usenet News

Author. "Subject Line." Date of publication. newsgroup address (Date accessed).

Example

     Straczynski, J.M. imsatb5@aol.com  "Re: ATTN JMS: Is B5
         Dead?" June 19, 2000. rec.srts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated
         (May 23, 2002).

How to Cite Mailing List / List Server Messages

Author [if known]. "Subject Line." Date of post. mailing list address (Date accessed).

Example

     Tracz, Orysia. tracz@cc.umanite.ba.ca   "Schevchenke in
         Love."  May 1, 2002. ukes-social@soma.crl.mcmaster.ca
         (May 23, 2002).

For an excellent article on citing the Internet, see "Cyber Citations" by Michael A. Arnzen, Internet World, September 1996, pages 72-74.

Other On-line citation information:

    * Andrew Harnack and Gene Kleppinger, Beyond the MLA Handbook: Documenting Electronic Sources on the Internet
      http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/1.2/inbox/mla_archive.html

    * Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor, Columbia Online Style Guide
      http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html

    * Melvin E. Page, A Brief Citation Guide for Internet Sources in History and the Humanities
      http://h-net.msu.edu/~africa/citation.html

      Links checked January 20, 2004.